“This study is important not only for the insights into past human health, but also for the innovative nature of combining past climate and land use models with empirical evidence from archaeological sites,” says Gosling, a professor of paleoecology and biogeography at the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED) at UvA.

Tracking human habitats

Increasing evidence suggests that our species emerged through interactions between populations living in different parts of Africa, rather than from a single birthplace. Until now, however, most explanations for how those populations were distributed across the continent have focused on climate alone.

Researchers investigated whether Plasmodium falciparum malaria shaped human habitat choice between 74,000 and 5,000 years ago, the critical period before humans dispersed widely beyond Africa and before agriculture dramatically altered malaria transmission. Gosling provided expertise on the past climate and environmental situation.

The study shows that malaria, one of humanity’s oldest and most persistent pathogens, influenced habitat choice by pushing human groups away from high-risk environments and separating populations across the landscape.

Over tens of thousands of years, this fragmentation shaped how populations met, mixed, and exchanged genes, helping create the population structure seen in humans today. The findings suggest that infectious disease was not simply a challenge early humans faced: it was a fundamental factor shaping the deep history of our species.

“We used species distribution models of three major mosquito complexes together with palaeoclimate models,” explains lead author Dr Margherita Colucci of the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology and the University of Cambridge. “Combining these with epidemiological data allowed us to estimate malaria transmission risk across sub-Saharan Africa.”

The malaria effect

The researchers then compared these estimates with an independent reconstruction of the human ecological niche across the same region and time period. The results show that humans strongly avoided, or were unable to persist, in areas with high malaria transmission risk.

“The effects of these choices shaped human demography for the last 74,000 years, and likely much earlier,” says Professor Andrea Manica of the University of Cambridge, one of the senior authors of the study. “By fragmenting human societies across the landscape, malaria contributed to the population structure we see today. Climate and physical barriers were not the only forces shaping where human populations could live.”

“This study shows the power of bringing together information from multiple different types of research to unlock new insights into the human past,” adds Gosling.

Publication: Colucci, M., Leonardi, M., Blinkhorn, J., Irish, S. R., Padilla-Iglesias, C., Kaboth-Bar, S., Gosling, W. D., Snow, R. W., Manica, A., & Scerri, E. M. L. (2026). Malaria shaped human spatial organization for the past 74 thousand years. Science Advances, 12(17). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aea2316